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      <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#ASCII"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">ASCII</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#GB2312-80"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">GB2312-80</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8C%BA%E4%BD%8D%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">区位码</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%87%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">国标码</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%9C%BA%E5%86%85%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">机内码</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#GBK%E5%92%8CUTF-8"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">GBK和UTF-8</span></a></li></ol>
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        计算机字符编码简单梳理
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    <h2 id="ASCII"><a href="#ASCII" class="headerlink" title="ASCII"></a>ASCII</h2><p>ASCII ((American Standard Code for Information Interchange): 美国信息交换标准代码）是基于拉丁字母的一套电脑编码系统，主要用于显示现代英语和其西欧语言。</p>
<p>码表如下：</p>
<p><img src="https://0-bit.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/a6cfcef55aff21212067604d5740ce89.png"></p>
<p>观察表可得出：</p>
<ul>
<li>0-31和127是控制字符或通信专用字符，例如6号字符ACK用于计算就网络的通信</li>
<li>48-57号字符标识阿拉伯数字0-9，48-57即8为二进制数<code>0011 0000</code> - <code>0011 1001</code>，即后四位可看作0-9的<code>8421</code>码</li>
<li>65-90号字符为大写字母A-Z，8位二进制数<code>0100 0001</code> - <code>01011010</code>，前三位均为<code>010</code>，后五位为1-26的二进制数</li>
<li>97-122号字符为小写字母a-z，8位二进制数<code>0110 0001</code> - <code>0111 1010</code>，前三位均为<code>011</code>，后五位为1-26的二进制数</li>
</ul>
<p>由此规律，若告诉大写<code>X</code>的二进制码为<code>0101 1000</code>，则直接得出小写<code>x</code>的二进制码为<code>0111 1000</code></p>
<h2 id="GB2312-80"><a href="#GB2312-80" class="headerlink" title="GB2312-80"></a>GB2312-80</h2><p>为使中国汉字也可在计算机上表示出来，1980年国家标准局发布了<code>GB2312-80</code>编码</p>
<h3 id="区位码"><a href="#区位码" class="headerlink" title="区位码"></a>区位码</h3><p>基本集共收入汉字6763个和非汉字图形字符682个。整个字符集分成94个区，每区有94个位。每个区位上只有一个字符，因此可用所在的区和位来对汉字进行编码，成为区位码。</p>
<p>01-09区收录除汉字外的682个字符</p>
<p>10-15区为空白区，没有使用</p>
<p>16-55区收录3755个一级汉字，按拼音排序</p>
<p>56-87区收录3008个二级汉字。按部首&#x2F;笔画排序</p>
<p>88-94区为空白区，没有使用</p>
<p>可通过<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.jscj.com/index/gb2312.php">区位码查询</a>自己了解一下</p>
<p>例如：</p>
<p><img src="https://0-bit.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/52d2f7724f4ccbaf40d3dceacab6c6d9.png" alt="image-20220225111108308"></p>
<p>可得<code>我</code>的区位码为<code>4650</code></p>
<h3 id="国标码"><a href="#国标码" class="headerlink" title="国标码"></a>国标码</h3><p>在区位码设计时，为将ASCII码中英文数字之类包含在内，将非中文字符放在了01-09区，可问题是<strong>还有32个控制通信字符没有考虑在内</strong></p>
<p>因此，将区码和位码均偏移32位，即都加上20H</p>
<p>那为什么区码和位码都要加20H呢，因为英文采用ASCII码，0-127个字符，即2的7次方个字符，占了7位，最高位补0，满8位位一个字节。例如我向朋友发送字符A，在机器码中则表示为<code>0100 0001</code>。而区位码的存在，使得表示中国汉字需要<strong>两个字节</strong>，因此，每个字节都要加上20H，给32个特殊字符让出位置</p>
<p>因此<code>我</code>的区位码4650（2E32）转化为国标码为4E52（2E+20 32+20）</p>
<h3 id="机内码"><a href="#机内码" class="headerlink" title="机内码"></a>机内码</h3><p>在前面提到过，A占一个字节，8位二进制数为<code>0100 0001</code>，最高位0是一个<strong>标识</strong>，表示这是一个ASCII码</p>
<p>而国内码转化为二进制流后，为避免与ASCII码发生冲突，则将最高位定位1，这样<code>1100 0001</code>就代表着一个GB2312编码，计算机就不是将其判定为ASCII码</p>
<p>因此在国标码的基础上，区码和位码均加上<code>1000 0000</code>即80H</p>
<p>因此<code>我</code>的机内码为CED2（4E+80 52+80）</p>
<p>可用Python验证一下：</p>
<p><img src="https://0-bit.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/d3847b6bd798334dbd61163138d508a7.png" alt="image-20220225115714900"></p>
<p><img src="https://0-bit.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/064e7bcb659c1457c309a77d3706892b.png" alt="image-20220225115734224"></p>
<p>与我们计算的完全一致！</p>
<h2 id="GBK和UTF-8"><a href="#GBK和UTF-8" class="headerlink" title="GBK和UTF-8"></a>GBK和UTF-8</h2><p>随着互联网发展，GB2312编码不能够满足中国字符的表达（中国汉字有上万个），因此在GB2312的基础上，做出了扩展，这里不做深究了。</p>
<p>世界上国家太多了，一个国家一套编码不太现实。这个世界从来都是有需求就有供应。这时候，为拯救你的硬盘和流量，<strong>ISO</strong>(International Organization for Standardization)国际标准组织就站出来要融合世界所有字符，经过长期的发展，形成了UTF-8编码</p>
<p>UTF-8编码盛行的当下，gb2312和gbk编码亦有着广泛的使用……</p>

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      <ol class="toc"><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#ASCII"><span class="toc-number">1.</span> <span class="toc-text">ASCII</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#GB2312-80"><span class="toc-number">2.</span> <span class="toc-text">GB2312-80</span></a><ol class="toc-child"><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%8C%BA%E4%BD%8D%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">2.1.</span> <span class="toc-text">区位码</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%87%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">2.2.</span> <span class="toc-text">国标码</span></a></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-3"><a class="toc-link" href="#%E6%9C%BA%E5%86%85%E7%A0%81"><span class="toc-number">2.3.</span> <span class="toc-text">机内码</span></a></li></ol></li><li class="toc-item toc-level-2"><a class="toc-link" href="#GBK%E5%92%8CUTF-8"><span class="toc-number">3.</span> <span class="toc-text">GBK和UTF-8</span></a></li></ol>
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